Journal of Marine Technology and Environment 2021 Vol. 1

This article presents the main methods of installing submarine cables used in the offshore wind industry and the impact they have on the marine environment. From this article, the reader will be able to understand the basic principles that are taken into account from the design phase of a submarine cable, principles that seek to streamline their installation, operation and maintenance and their impact on the marine environment. Given the scale of the development of the wind industry, especially offshore, the length of submarine cables that provide energy transport from the wind farm to shore consumers is also constantly growing. The construction and operation of offshore wind energy systems has been and continues to be regarded with scepticism by environmental activists. Despite the undeniable benefits of this renewable energy source, the impact on the marine environment must also be taken into consideration. We studied the most efficient methods of installing submarine cables in the offshore wind industry – study which also includes analysing the behaviour of submarine cables and analysing ships’ movement during cable transport and installation. This article is only part of a major research on the installation of submarine cables in the offshore wind industry. In terms of the frequency and relatively short duration of submarine cable installation operations, on a small strip of up to 8m, the disturbances and impact caused by these operations are considered minor and are preferred compared to bottom trawling operations and dredging, which are repetitive and more extensive. A single impact, such as cable burial operations, is preferred to continuous, multiple or recurrent impacts. [1]

In the modern times, energy efficiency is of high interest because there is direct link between this concept and energy conservation, economics, environment and sustainable development. The energy efficiency intensification at international level is closely follow by national leaders and worldwide governments and organisations and by top companies as well. Considering this obvious aspects, higher education institutions are deeply involved in involving energy efficiency in the curricula of future professionals, in order to allow them to gain skills that will help in solving challenges specific to this activity. In this international context, Constanta Maritime University introduced in the curricula of the students enrolled in the specialization called Engineering and Environment Protection in Industry a discipline dealing with this very important activity, named Thermal Efficiency of Buildings and Industrial Processes. This paper is investigating the manner in which our students have mastered the tools of energy efficiency assessment of refrigeration systems, throughout a questionnaire applied to them, at the end of the chapter dedicated to these technologies. The students had to write short comments to very specific questions. Analysis of the comments helps the lecturer and the students to take appropriate measures in the next future. Thus, the feedback resulted to be quite positive because most of the students gained the knowledge provided in this respect. Still, delicate concepts, such as entropy, exergy or exergy destruction seem to raise difficulties to some students. In this respect, results that such an intermediary assessment has to be repeated more often, for other kind of technologies discussed during this course, with the involvement of the concepts introduced by the second law- which are essential in energy efficiency assessments.

Environmental sustainability must be considered as the main target of humanity. To achieve this goal, the activities of many people must change into pro-environmental behaviour. This is often difficult because it involves high costs, giving up some daily habits and getting out of an artificial comfort. In this sense, education has an essential role to play. Young people are the target group for which appropriate methods must be found to help raise awareness of environmental issues and their involvement in solving them. In the current situation, under the restrictions caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, practical applications with large groups of students and observation of the wild environment is difficult to achieve. In November 2020, the Department of Mechanical and Environmental Sciences within the Maritime University of Constanta organized online the activity “S.O.S. Nature” where different environmental processes have been highlighted through simulation programs. The event aimed to increase the awareness of young people about environmental pollution and its consequences, as well as stimulating transversal skills by high school students participating. The interest given by the large participation in this event and the knowledge gained in this activity underlined the importance of modelling and simulation as useful tools through whose comprehensive approach young people can understand complex environmental issues.

In this study, gas flow field were simulated using ANSYS 2020R2, Fluid Flow Fluent computational fluids dynamic (CFD) software based on the continuity, velocity, temperature, energy and k -  turbulence. The overall objective of the study is to compare the pressure and velocity maps inside the wet scrubber system for two different scrubber designs. I have choose to analyse an In-Line scrubber bottom inlet, type I, and In-Line scrubber side inlet, type L. Bottom entry or side entry designs to allow a direct up-flow configuration and simplify engine exhaust gas duct routing for any type of vessel. The flow in a wet scrubber is very complex due to the interaction between dust particles, water droplets, and bulk water and flue gas. The flue gas flow is turbulent and there are multiple phases (gas, liquid and solid). CFD codes that predict gas flow patterns are based on conservation equations for mass, momentum and energy. The results show that the residuals have a very good job of converging at minimum flow contours and vectors at the inlet across the scrubbing chamber and outlet shows a distributed flow. The velocity profiles have fully conformed to the recommended profile for turbulent flow in pipes. As can be seen in the figures above, the velocity flow contour inside the scrubber is higher in the scrubber side inlet. Even though I choose to study the simplified scrubber model without taking into account that spray nozzle improve mixing between the scrubbing liquid and waste gas; from the results obtained, it can be deduced that the numerical simulation using CFD is an effective method to study the flow characteristics of a counter-flow wet scrubber system.

The main objective of this paper is to propose technical solutions for monitoring and recording data for a gas washing system on board a ship and to maintain in standard parameters the quality of surface water following the discharge of gas washing water from installations from the ship.The specific objectives of achieving the general objective are: the methods for evaluating the laboratory samples from the washing water evacuation, modeling the dynamics of the washing water and modeling the dispersion of the scrubber washing water on board for a case study,evaluation of the quality standards of the water discharged into the sea after washing the gases, the elements of calculation, modeling and graphical representation are present.

This paper introduces Geographic Information System and its applications using datasets and innovative for research, extension services and development. Case study with GIS datasets is available for the Catanduanes Island. This application is good and efficient and will be recommended for actions in building GIS capability of human resources and for an environmentally sustainable and socio-economically Catanduanes support. GIS technology serves for the holistic development of different areas, in our case, for Catanduanes Island.

In the current context of the existence of life, of the development of human activities, water has a double importance: - environmental factor, generator of ecological systems - “raw material” for certain uses (drinking water, industrial water, fish farming, leisure, etc.) The current problems in the field of water supply are due to: - exponential increase of water demand; - the limited water resources and their uneven distribution, which requires large and expensive works of development and accumulation of water; - deterioration of the quality of water sources, as a result of human activity and the emergence of industries that discharge waste, containing very stable impurities, difficult to remove from water, in the processes of water purification or treatment; - increase in standards on quality conditions that must be met by water delivered to the population [1]. For the extensive and intensive development of water supplies, a concrete solution, already existing in the area of Artificial Intelligence is given by heuristic methods and Evolutionary Calculus. This article provides an overview of the role of the most important metaheuristics, based on evolutionary concepts - Evolutionary computation and behavioral patterns inspired by biology - Swarm calculus) in the case of of water supply systems and their subsystems, with exemplification in the case of a model network (Scheme of the network distribution in Hanoi), taking into account water quality (its treatment with chlorine).