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THEORETICAL AND APPLICATIVE ISSUES REGARDING CHANGES IN THE LEGAL CLASSIFICATION
Patric Daniel GHEBARUDecember 2025The legal classification against which the criminal prosecution in rem or in personam is stage, regardless of the procedural phase, constitute genuine problems of application of criminal procedural law with major implications on the legal situation of the accused person. Therefore, considering that it is not exaggerated to dedicate a praxiological analysis to the change of the legal classification of the act, the present study aims to address in detail certain legal issues arising in judicial practice regarding the applicability of this institution. carried out (with suspect and defendant in the case) and the subsequent notification to the court by issuing the indictment, in relation to which the object and limits of the trial are established, as well as the possibility of changing the legal classification during the trial In the specialized literature, it is argued that the legal classification involves establishing the legal text that provides for the offense in the standard version or, if applicable, in an aggravated or qualified version or in a less serious version compared to the standard version. If the act constitutes an attempt, the legal classification involves establishing both the legal text that provides for the offense and the applicable punishment, as well as the text that provides for the punishment of the attempt of that offense. In the case of participation, the legal classification involves, in addition to establishing the incriminating text of the act, also determining the contribution of each participant to the commission of the offense, as well as establishing the legal text that provides for and sanctions that contribution. Finally, in the case of a plurality of offenses or enforcement acts, the legal classification involves additionally establishing whether this plurality constitutes a contest of offenses, a recidivism or a continued offense. The legal classification also involves establishing the legal provisions that also affect the outcome of the criminal trial. The finding that another legal text provides for and sanctions the act for which the court was notified, therefore establishing a different legal basis for criminal liability than that shown by the notification act (indictment) -
DIGITAL CRIME. ANALYSIS OF THE PHENOMENON AND ITS IMPACT
Cătălin Ionuț BUCURDecember 2025This article provides an in-depth analysis of digital crime, a complex and constantly evolving phenomenon that is redefining the global criminal landscape. It explores its origins and historical development, detailing the types and methods of attack, with a particular focus on social engineering as the predominant vector. -
EXPRESS VOLUNTARY ACCEPTANCE OF INHERITANCE THROUGH A DOCUMENT UNDER PRIVATE SIGNATURE: A THEORETICAL AND CASE LAW ANALYSIS
Viorica POPESCUDecember 2025In Romanian inheritance law, the acceptance of an inheritance constitutes an essential act with multiple legal implications, such as the consolidation of the heir’s title, the transfer of the estate, which is finalised through the acceptance of the inheritance, and the liability of the heirs for the debts and encumbrances of the estate only with the assets forming part of the estate (intra vires hereditatis), in proportion to each one’s share. The Civil Code regulates two main forms of acceptance of an inheritance: express and tacit, express acceptance itself being possible either by authentic instrument or by a document under private signature. However, the choice of this latter form raises a series of questions regarding its efficiency, legal certainty and, not least, its practical consequences. The present study aims to analyse this form of acceptance of a succession not only from a theoretical, but also from a practical perspective, identifying its advantages and disadvantages and highlighting the impact of this option on heirs and third parties. -
THE EFFECTS OF THE DECISIONS OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT RULING ON THE EXCEPTION OF UNCONSTITUTIONALITY
Florina MITROFANDecember 2025Starting from the role of the Constitutional Court as guarantor of the supremacy of the Constitution, this study analyzes the effects of decisions issued by the Constitutional Court in the exercise of subsequent constitutionality control, identifying both general and specific procedural aspects retained in its vast jurisprudence on the matter. -
THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN RIGHTS
The accelerated development of artificial intelligence (AI) poses significant challenges to the protection of fundamental human rights, enshrined in key documents such as the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, the European Convention on Human Rights and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. While AI technologies can improve administrative efficiency and access to justice, their uncontrolled or non-transparent use can pose major risks to rights such as privacy, equality, freedom of expression or the right to a fair trial. Moreover, facial recognition and intelligent surveillance systems can lead to an erosion of privacy and excessive monitoring of citizens, with the potential for abuse by authorities. At the same time, the use of AI in justice or in the automated selection of beneficiaries of public services can affect the right to a fair trial and equal access to resources, in the absence of clear human control and an effective challenge mechanism. From a legal perspective, a clear and predictable regulation of AI is necessary, which respects the principles of the rule of law, includes democratic control mechanisms and ensures the accountability of the actors involved (developers, authorities, users). In this regard, the AI Act proposed by the European Commission in 2021 represents an important step, attempting to introduce a risk-based approach and prohibit systems that clearly violate fundamental rights. In conclusion, for technological development to remain compatible with democratic values, it is essential that AI is developed, implemented and overseen within a solid legal framework, centered on the respect and promotion of human rights. -
THE MECHANIC PUBLIC SERVANT AND THE POWER OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Marius VACARELUDecember 2025It is a truism today to state the idea that "the world is facing profound changes never seen before." Not at all false, the idea allows for deep thinking but also the repetition of stereotypes or banalities, which does not help anyone concerned with making plans for the future. In this formulation of ideas and thoughts, there are some areas that many people look at with fear, like public administration, justice, public budgets etc. On one hand, we have the fear of all civil (public) servants, who do not know how much of their activities will survive the new political-technological and socio-demographic changes, and on the other hand, we have those subject to public administration, who from the dawn of the new era seek a perfection of the idea of good governance to the highest possible level. All these issues today are both in competition and in a certain form of ideological collaboration, and the text I propose tries to fix some of the lines of this new reality of public administration and what it will in turn determine in society, in an integrative visions. -
WATER ETHICS: COMMODITY OR FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT?
Ciprian UNGUREANU; Andreea BURUIANĂDecember 2025Water is the essence of life and lies at the center of a current ethical and political debate: should it be treated as a market commodity or as a fundamental right for all living beings? In recent decades, economic pressures and corporate interests have led to the commercialization of water, with private companies controlling distribution and setting prices, which can limit access for vulnerable populations. Proponents of water markets argue that market mechanisms increase efficiency and fund infrastructure development. Critics, however, contend that life should not be sold and that treating water as a commodity exacerbates inequalities. Internationally, water is recognized as a fundamental human right: in 2010,the United Nations General Assembly declared that access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation is a human right. This recognition extends beyond human needs to include the protection of ecosystems and future generations. The ethical debate raises fundamental questions about equity, justice, and responsibility: is it morally acceptable to profit from a resource essential to life? In conclusion, while market mechanisms may provide efficiency, the moral weight of water as a life-sustaining resource supports its recognition as a fundamental right. Universal access to clean water and the protection of ecosystems are imperatives for ethical governance and global sustainability. -
THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE ADVISORY OPINION ON CLIMATE CHANGE: IMPLICATIONS AND POLICY FOR SOUTH AFRICA
Kiyasha THAMBIDecember 2025In July 2025, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) delivered a landmark advisory opinion affirming binding obligations on states under international law to take effective action against human induced climate change. This paper analyzes the ICJ ruling’s legal foundations and implications for South Africa, a climate-vulnerable developing country with socio-economic challenges and coal dependence. The ICJ opinion grounds state duties in treaties, customary international law, and international human rights law, mandating "deep, rapid and sustained" emission reductions, prevention of transboundary harm, and equal legal status for adaptation alongside mitigation (International Court of Justice. (2025). Advisory Opinion on State Obligations in Respect of Climate Change (23 July 2025) paras. 47, 50). The paper provides concrete recommendations for reforming South African climate legislation, enhancing ambition, advancing climate justice advocacy, and securing a just transition. A concise policy brief is appended to assist ministers in operationalizing the ruling’s imperatives. -
FORMS OF LEGAL LIABILITY AND THEIR INCIDENCE IN CASES OF VIOLATIONS OF LAND LEGISLATION
Tatiana STAHI; Angela TALAMBUȚĂDecember 2025This article examines the issue of legal liability applicable to violations of land and cadastral legislation, analysing it within the framework of the new regulations introduced by the Land Code of the Republic of Moldova. The study highlights the contemporary relevance of the debate on the forms of legal liability and argues that land liability may be regarded as a distinct form of legal liability, shaped as a response to the need to protect both public and private interests. It further explores the forms of liability and their incidence in cases of breaches of land legislation, namely civil, contravention and criminal liability, against the backdrop of cadastral modernisation, the digitalisation of real estate management processes and the increasing number of disputes concerning boundaries and land use. The paper analyses both the conceptual foundations and the practical applicability of liability, with reference to jurisprudence, current challenges and directions for legislative improvement, including comparative insights from European states. -
HEARING IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDING – PURPOSE AND STAGES
Elena MORARUDecember 2025Interrogation is an investigative action consisting of the investigative body obtaining, in accordance with the rules established by law, testimony from the person being interrogated about facts known to them that are relevant to the subject matter of the criminal case. Interrogation combines a complex of techniques and methods, both tactical and psychological. The hearing combines a complex set of techniques and methods, both tactical and psychological. -
RE-ENGINEERING SOCIETY: LEGAL, INSTITUTIONAL, AND TECHNOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
Giorgi KHARSHILADZEDecember 2025Digital transformation is a multifaceted process that reconfigures social, economic, institutional, and legal structures through the diffusion of information and communication technologies. This paper examines digital transformation as a process of societal re-engineering by integrating three analytical lenses: legal and regulatory frameworks, institutional and governance change, and technological foundations and socio-economic outcomes. Drawing on established scholarship in surveillance capitalism, network society theory, and economic analyses of digital technologies, as well as contemporary regulatory developments (notably the EU General Data Protection Regulation and the EU Artificial Intelligence Act), the study maps how legal norms, institutional capacities, and core technologies interact producing novel risks and opportunities. The analysis emphasizes tensions between innovation and rights protection, the necessity of interoperability and institutional redesign for public sector digitalization, and the distributional effects of automation and platformization on labor and markets. The paper concludes with policy recommendations for balanced regulatory design, capacity building in public institutions, and ethical governance mechanisms to steer digital transformation toward social resilience and democratic accountability. -
PARENTAL ALIENATION
Parental alienation is an increasingly common phenomenon. Imagine a parent who brainwashes a child. This produces negative effects in the child's life in the long term. Child alienation influences and should influence court decisions. A child can become alienated from the parent who initiated the divorce. The parent who ends up spending more time with the child ends up having hostile behavior towards the other parent. The paper aims to present the gravity and complexity of the phenomenon of parental alienation, to underline the consequences of this type of emotional abuse, as well as to highlight the applicable national and international legislative framework, while also offering solutions for preventing and combating this destructive behavior for the best interests of the child. -
THE RIGHT TO PROPERTY AND MECHANISMS FOR RECOVERY OF CRIMINAL ASSETS IN THE LEGISLATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS PROTECTION AND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COMBATING CRIME
Petru HARMANIUCJuly 2025State interference with the right to property in the context of criminal proceedings represents a particularly sensitive and complex issue, as it entails the restriction of a fundamental right enshrined in both the Constitution and international treaties, including the European Convention on Human Rights. According to the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, any measure that limits the right to property such as seizures, confiscation, inqyisition, asset freezing, or the imposition of criminal fines, must meet three essential criteria: it must be prescribed by law, pursue a legitimate aim, and be proportionate to that aim. Failure to satisfy these conditions may render the measure arbitrary, thereby exposing the state to liability for the violation of fundamental rights. In the Republic of Moldova, amid an intensified campaign against organized crime and corruption, special mechanisms have been established to enable state intervention with respect to assets owned by individuals involved in criminal activity. These instruments include extended confiscation, the administration of seized assets by the Criminal Assets Recovery Agency, and other procedural measures specific to the criminal justice system. However, the implementation of such mechanisms raises serious concerns regarding their compatibility with European human rights standards. These developments give rise to a series of practical and constitutional challenges: the risk of abuse by public authorities, the difficulty of maintaining a fair balance between the public interest and individual rights, and the pressing need to align the domestic legal framework with the standards established by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). Only by ensuring such a balance can the effective protection of the right to property in criminal proceedings be guaranteed -
ADMINISTRATION OF EVIDENCE IN THE TRIAL PHASE OF A CRIMINAL CASE
Camelia Maria MORĂREANU-DRAGNEAJuly 2025By virtue of the principle of immediacy, the purpose of the judicial investigation consists in the direct and immediate administration of evidence previously obtained during the criminal investigation phase. This mode of administration gives the court the opportunity to perceive the evidence directly, a fundamental aspect for forming its own conviction on the factual situation and, implicitly, for adopting a sound solution. -
USING ARTIFICAL INTELLIGENCE IN FIGHTING CRIME AND RESPECTING HUMAN RIGHTS
Loredana TEREC-VLADJuly 2025The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of public safety represents a major evolution in the way authorities prevent and investigate crime. Through predictive analytics, facial recognition, big data processing and automation of judicial processes, AI can contribute to making police and judicial activities more efficient. This technology offers significant benefits, such as faster identification of criminals, anticipating crimes and reducing the burden on courts. According to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the use of AI must respect fundamental principles such as legality, proportionality and non discrimination. In particular, Article 8 of the ECHR protects privacy, Article 14 prohibits discrimination and Article 6 guarantees the right to a fair trial. In this context, the EU Regulation on Artificial Intelligence (AI Act), currently in the process of being adopted, proposes a classification of the risks associated with AI systems and sets strict requirements for applications used in the field of public safety. In conclusion, the use of AI in the fight against crime must be carried out within a clear legal framework, ensuring the balance between public safety and the protection of fundamental human rights. Any application of AI in this area must be transparent, humanly controlled and subject to effective oversight and legal accountability mechanisms. -
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND CRIMINAL LAW: CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES AND PERSPECTIVES
Andreea CORSEIJuly 2025Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly penetrating the field of criminal law, offering solutions for streamlining investigations, judicial decision-making and crime prevention. However, the use of AI raises complex issues regarding criminal liability, respect for fundamental rights and transparency of automated decisions. The main risks include algorithmic discrimination, lack of human control and the legislative vacuum regarding the regulation of AI in justice. In order to avoid abuses and protect the rights of persons involved in criminal proceedings, clear regulation is needed, ensuring transparency, fairness and mandatory human intervention in critical decisions. Thus, AI offers important opportunities for the modernization of the criminal justice system, but these must be managed within a well-defined legal and ethical framework. -
EUROPEAN UNION ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENC LAW – A LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE FUTURE
Mariana-Alina ZISUJuly 2025In the context of the accelerated development of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, the European Union has recognised the need for a clear legal framework that guarantees safety, transparency and respect for citizens’ fundamental rights. This is how the Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act) was born, the world’s first comprehensive set of regulations in this area. Adopted in 2024, the law aims to position the EU as a global leader in the responsible governance of AI. The Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act) is the world’s first comprehensive legal framework for regulating artificial intelligence. Adopted by the European Union in 2024, the law aims to ensure that AI systems used in the EU are safe, respect citizens’ fundamental rights and stimulate innovation. -
THE RIGHT TO FREE EDUCATION BETWEEN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND LIBRARY
Marius VACARELUJuly 2025A topic that has been widely discussed over the past two centuries is education, because ordinary people have insisted on it, contrary to the ideas of politicians, who were not always pleased by a rise in the population's level of instruction. The establishment of compulsory education was – without doubt – the greatest progress humanity has ever made in its entire history, and the positive effects of this measure will be felt as long as we exist on Earth. But education has never been valued at its true worth because of the costs it entails, both in terms of the time dedicated to it and especially from the financial aspect of acquiring valuable study materials. However, the Internet and Artificial Intelligence have brought some changes in this perspective, and traditional bookstores are starting to see their role sharply decrease – or is it actually the opposite? This text will attempt to provide some answers to an acute issue: what is the cost of education today, relative to its ultimate goal, namely preparing children and young people for a life that brings many challenges. -
INDEPENDENCE OF THE MAGISTRATE – AN OBJECTIVE COMPONENT OF PROFESSIONAL STATUS
Florina MITROFANJuly 2025The interest in the existence of an independent judicial system has made it necessary to provide guarantees that allow magistrates to fulfill the role conferred by the legal provisions. In the following, the significance of the principle of independence – a fundamental ethical value of the judiciary, the international and national legal instruments guaranteeing the independence of the judiciary, the judge and the prosecutor, as well as doctrinal and jurisprudential aspects of relevance in this area will be presented. -
THE DOCTOR–PATIENT RELATIONSHIP IN OUTPATIENT NEUROLOGY: SOCIOCULTURAL AND LEGAL DIMENSIONS
In outpatient neurology, the relationships between the physician and the neurological patient are complex, as they involve not only medical dimensions but also sociocultural and legal aspects that can influence the perceptions and behavior of all parties involved in the dialogue. In line with these considerations, this paper explores the socioeconomic, cultural, and legal dimensions that regulate the doctor patient relationship in outpatient neurology, with particular emphasis on informed consent, patient data confidentiality, and patterns of medical communication. -
THE ROLE OF A LEGAL SECRETARY IN PREPARING CANDIDATE LEGAL PRACTITIONERS AND LAW GRADUATES FOR LEGAL PRACTICE
Marc WELGEMOEDJuly 2025Legal secretaries are not legal practitioners; yet, they are in a position to provide valuable practical and professional training to candidate legal practitioners, during their term of practical vocational training, as well as to law students performing paralegal services at university law clinics. In a country like South Africa, legal secretaries mostly perform administrative work in law firms and at university law clinics. Despite their administrative knowledge, they also accumulate experience in the drafting of various legal documents, legal ethics, professionalism and, sometimes, even legal knowledge. This experience puts legal secretaries in the position to assist legal practitioners with training candidate legal practitioners and law students for entry into legal practice. Such additional training becomes important in light of the fact that legal practitioners, and even legal academics, have complained about the competence of law graduates who enter legal practice – they simply do not have sufficient practical knowledge and the relevant skills that practice requires. Conventionally, legal practitioners act as principals for candidate legal practitioners, which task is statutorily ascribed to them when candidate legal practitioners enrol for practical vocational training. Legal secretaries are not conventional trainers. In this article, it is argued that there is a firm theoretical foundation to recognise the important role that legal secretaries can play in the professional and practical upbringing of candidate legal practitioners and university law clinic students. The doctrines of constructivism and kinesthetics learning are relevant in this regard. It is argued that legal secretaries should be seen as “para-lawyers” or legal assistants in the sense that they should work with legal practitioners in providing practical 9 and professional training to candidate legal practitioners and students. It is trite that university law schools use the lecture method to teach law, resulting in law graduates mainly receiving theoretical training with little to none practical experience. Work-integrated learning is important for law graduates wanting to be admitted as legal practitioners and legal secretaries can make a contribution, especially legal secretaries who have years of experience behind them. -
A New Approach to Interactive Education: Game Engine-Based Frameworks for Teachers to Develop Interactive Lessons
Mocanu Andrei Ionuț; Nicolae Mihnea Vlad; Duțescu Răzvan Alexandru; Apostol Mihai; Petre Ionuț12-13/10/2025Education; ResearchRecent studies in the field of education show a significant increase in students’ level of concentration during classes when the learning experience is highly immersive. During lessons, students are engaged with immersive instructional materials, whether through exercises or video presentations. On average, this results in better information retention and a deeper understanding of the subject matter. Existing applications, whether in VR or in 2D/3D for computers and mobile devices, already offer rich curricula that approach abstract topics through practical student experiences. This article introduces a new approach to creating teacher-centered interactive educational applications. In conventional applications, teachers must find the software that best fits their course, and in some cases, they must even adapt their existing teaching materials to align with the chosen application. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a framework based on a game engine (Unity or Unreal Engine) that enables teachers to design interactive lessons through intuitive interfaces. These panels contain blocks representing sample lessons or educational scenarios, which teachers can modify via drag-and-drop to match their own instructional content. Furthermore, the article outlines a system for collecting student performance data during lessons. At the end of each session, students may also provide feedback, enabling teachers to refine and improve their lessons based on results and reviews. The proposed framework aims to increase teacher autonomy, lesson customization, and student engagement in immersive learning environments. -
Kioi Seidō – The Architecture of Education: A Building that Teaches Without Teaching
Cristina Fey12-13/10/2025Education; ResearchEducation has never belonged solely to classrooms. Architecture, as one of society’s most pervasive yet overlooked teachers, silently shapes behavior, values, and perception through space, light, and material. This paper examines Hiroshi Naitō’s Kioi Seidō (2022, Tokyo) as an architectural pedagogy -- a building designed “without purpose” that resists the dominance of utility, productivity, and profit. Through its spatial sequence—from dark, compressed entry to luminous atrium—Kioi Seidō dramatizes education as transformation: a journey from disorientation to insight. Drawing connections to Dewey, Freire, and Montessori, the project exemplifies how architecture can embody problem-posing pedagogy, cultivate reflection, and position environments as active teachers. It also resonates with Japan’s cultural lineage of Shinto shrines, Zen gardens, and tea houses, which educate through atmosphere and ritual rather than instruction. At the same time, its refusal of fixed function raises ethical debates about privilege, responsibility, and sustainability in a city of scarcity. By situating Kioi Seidō alongside global precedents such as Ronchamp, the Salk Institute, and the Vittra Telefonplan School, this paper argues that the building is neither sanctuary, nor school, nor monument, but a deliberate anomaly - an architecture of ambiguity. In doing so, it reminds us that built environments are never neutral: they teach discipline, consumption, control, or, in this rare case, openness, humility, and interpretive freedom. Kioi Seidō demonstrates that architecture itself can be a form of pedagogy, expanding education beyond curricula into the spaces of everyday life. -
Combat Mindset (CoMind): from an innovative project to a mandatory discipline
Razvan-Lucian Andronic; Adrian Lesenciuc12-13/10/2025Education; ResearchThe article presents the evolution of the Combat Mindset Training for Romanian Military Students (CoMind) approach within “Henri Coanda” Air Force Academy in Brasov. Mental preparation for the battlefield is a tactical necessity for any category of armed forces and, for its inclusion in a curriculum that requires approval from the Ministry of National Defense, it needed a rigorous scientific substantiation. CoMind was the central theme of an inter-institutional cooperation project funded by EEA and Norwegian grants, as an optional training module conceived in an interdisciplinary manner (through the contribution of neuroscience, cognitive psychology, social psychology and martial arts). Taking over the model of good practices from the Norwegian cultural environment, adapting it to the conditions of the cultural environment and military organizational culture in Romania and implementing it, especially regarding mental preparation for battlefield or Combat Mindset (CoMind) as a subject or module, first optional, then mandatory, in the curriculum of “Henri Coanda” Air Force Academy, meant a long process, which, fortunately, can serve as a model of good practices regarding the implementation of research results in the higher educational process (BA degree) Currently, CoMind is both a mandatory discipline and a research paradigm, embodied in scientific articles and communications and as the topic of bachelor's/dissertation theses. -
An Exploratory S tudy on the U se of A ugmented R eality (AR) in M edical E ducation
Gabriela Violeta Iordăchiță12-13/10/2025Education; ResearchThe use of digital technology in the teaching and learning process has grown significantly in recent years. Augmented reality (AR) is a technology/software that allows the digital creation of three-dimensional representations that can be integrated with real stimuli in the environment. It is an interactive, real-time experience that combines reality with elements from the virtual world, leading to an augmented reality enriched with virtually generated information, based on human visual, auditory, olfactory and/or somatosensory input. The result is an image of reality modified by a computer program, which aims to improve the real-world experience, but does not replace the real world. It is not a 360º virtual world, but makes reality more manageable, amplifies it, mapping three-dimensional virtual objects in a real environment. Such AR programs can be used on various devices such as: smartphones, tablets, computers, AR glasses, headsets, etc. Even though augmented reality (AR) was initially used for entertainment and gaming, its application has expanded into industry, healthcare, marketing, military, travel, architecture and engineering, but also in the medical education of students in medical schools. So far, we have not found global or regional statistics on the degree of use of AR in medical education, but there are a number of universities that use AR platforms or others that implement pilot studies or isolated modules. We have not identified any large-scale implementations or fully integrated implementations into core curricula. The obstacles to adopting this technology in medical education are mainly related to the high costs of implementing AR technology, the lack of adequate infrastructure in universities, the need to train teachers in the use of AR technology, access to technology (hardware). The present paper is a theoretical-exploratory one in which we analyze a series of articles, identified through the associated search of 3 keywords, in different scientific databases, namely: "digital learning methods", "medical students" and "augmented reality". In this paper, we analyze to what extent AR can improve the learning experiences of medical students, through practical understanding and skills training, with examples of software already used in didactic training, such as: HoloHuman, OculAR SIM, Hololens, HoloPatient. Finally, we discuss the challenges of AR in learning and teaching, limitations in implementation, and propose future research directions. In Romania, two universities stand out that implement AR technology in medical education, namely: the "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy in Cluj-Napoca, which had a project to develop AR simulators for laparoscopic, robotically assisted, single incision surgery, using Hololens 2, and the University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology in Târgu Mureș, which within the Center for Simulation and Practical Skills has a department dedicated to "Virtual and Augmented Reality". In Europe there is growing interest, through pilot projects and elective courses, involving AR, but it is not yet a widespread use in standard curricula at all medical schools. Worldwide, the adoption of AR technology in medical education is taking place especially in highly prestigious universities with good financial resources. Finally, as a case study, we focused on Romania. We conducted a search on the official websites of the eleven major universities in the country that provide education and training for future medical professionals, with the aim of identifying programs or any references related to the use of AR technology in their medical education curricula. The findings for Romania reveal that among the eleven universities providing medical training programs, only five have established simulated learning centers employing VR technologies for students, whereas one university has initiated two minor VR technology acquisition projects within the last two years. Conclusion. In the field of medical education, the adopting of augmented reality (AR) could provide both students and teachers with significant advantages, including a stimulating learning environment, immersive practical experience, and opportunities for distance learning.
ISSN print: 1583-0772 (valabil până în 2012)
ISSN online: (din 2013) 2344-6900
ISSN-L: 1583-0772
Nr.2/2025
Journal Legal and Administrative Studies
Copyright ©2025, All rights reserved
A project developed by Enformation
THEORETICAL AND APPLICATIVE ISSUES REGARDING CHANGES IN THE LEGAL CLASSIFICATION
DIGITAL CRIME. ANALYSIS OF THE PHENOMENON AND ITS IMPACT
THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN RIGHTS
THE MECHANIC PUBLIC SERVANT AND THE POWER OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
WATER ETHICS: COMMODITY OR FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT?
THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE ADVISORY OPINION ON CLIMATE CHANGE: IMPLICATIONS AND POLICY FOR SOUTH AFRICA
FORMS OF LEGAL LIABILITY AND THEIR INCIDENCE IN CASES OF VIOLATIONS OF LAND LEGISLATION
HEARING IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDING – PURPOSE AND STAGES
RE-ENGINEERING SOCIETY: LEGAL, INSTITUTIONAL, AND TECHNOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION