RJPGT 2023

Kinkasi is one of the oil fields of the DR Congo Coastal Basin. It is essentially formed of two main geological units (A and B) in the Turonian, each composed of a succession of different horizons (Zones) according to the type of siltstone. These two main units contain 6 Zones. Unit A consists of Z6 and Z5 of Coniacian age, while the rest of the reservoir (Z4, Z3, Z2 and Z1) is of Turonian age which is characteristic of Unit B. Indeed, the present study is devoted to the petrophysical characterization of the two zones Z4 and Z3 of the unit B in order to locate the interesting zones to develop this oil field. For this fire, we used the data of 11 wells having the geographical coordinates, the porosity, the permeability as well as the water saturation. The processing and interpretation of these data using the Kriging method allowed us to deduce from the scale of appreciation the areas that contain high values of porosity, permeability and water saturation. Porosity in zones 4 and 3 varies from good to very good, saturation 3 to 59% for zone 4 and 32 to 53% for zone 3 as well as permeability from poor to low for both zones. The combined interpretation of these three properties allowed us to find an interesting zone located towards the east of zones 4 and 3 with high porosity and permeability values and low water saturation values.

The objective of this paper is to develop the control system for driving a mobile robot using the Arduino board, controlled by an ESP 32 logic processor, named SPIDER4LEGS. In order to be used in the oil and gas industry, for example for the internal inspection of oil product transport pipelines, the four-legged spider type robot version was chosen, especially due to the special mobility it offers. The created control system must ensure the control of the movement of the kinematic couplings in the construction of the legs, the monitoring and maintenance of stability as well as the establishment of the optimal stepping sequences. The control system is simple and it use the Wi-Fi communication, because it is the best way to transfer data between the robot and the operator, offering a lot of advantages.

Security is a principal concern when entrusting an organization’s critical information to geographically dispersed cloud platforms. In addition to the conventional IT system security procedures, designing security into cloud during the software development life cycle can greatly reduce the cloud attack surface. The paper focuses on presenting IBM Cloud security policies and their architecture and conducts a study of the security implementation steps, beginning with user's authentication on the Cloud platform. Hereinafter, the developed experimental application - a monitoring environment system - retrieves temperature, humidity, and pressure values from dedicated sensors, thus using the facilities offered by IBM Cloud platform.

The paper presents an application that involves the real-time acquisition of two quantities: humidity and temperature; displaying them on a high-resolution OLED screen; activation of a cooling fan when the set temperature value is exceeded; the possibility of setting the reference temperature value through the Android/iOS mobile application, which communicates with the installation via Bluetooth. To create the application, programming algorithms are used that read these quantities in real time using the DTH 11 sensor, an Arduino Uno development board equipped with the Atmega328 microcontroller, using digital and analog pins. Information is displayed on a high-resolution colour OLED screen attached to the Arduino board. From the created mobile Android application, the temperature value to be compared can be set and an LED for ON/OFF status can be ordered.

The grazing robot is a dynamic system, consisting of a platform (the body of the robot) and a number of legs with structures similar to the kinematic chains of manipulator robots. Grazing robots can have a redundant number of legs, therefore they can ensure a static stability even if one or more legs are destroyed [10]. The objective of the work is to design a mobile robot controlled with the Arduino board controlled by an ESP 32 logic processor. The robot proposed in the paper is a spider-type robot with four legs, named SPIDER4LEGS. The components used to make the robot are the following: ESP32 development board, ESP ROOM-32, WiFi and Bluetooth BLE, Dual Core; PCA9685 module, I2C interface, 16 CH, servo motor; 12 Servo motors SG90 180 degrees. A possible field of application of these robots is the internal inspection of pipelines transporting petroleum products [7],[8],[9]

Oil polluted water is not rare on the Earth and treating it in energy efficiency way to be properly returned to the environment is of great interest. This work makes an analysis of several technologies and selects some of them to be included into a complex treatment system starting from polluted water found in various places on Earth to the level of being released in nature, or event to use the treated water in human activities. Several stages of treatment are set: solid separation, oil separation, remained water treatment, filtration and evacuation. Separation of solids is made with less used and more energy efficiency technology. Also, oil from water separation is made with a new and very efficient technology, permitting future recovery of the separated oil for energy or semi-green hydrogen production. After releasing solids and removable oil, the polluted water is treated in more efficient way with natural components and with no polluting output based on ozone, oxygen and nitrogen gases in nano-bubbles form. All gases are extracted from natural air and converted in strong reactors through equipment presented in the work. The nanobubbles treated water releases the reaction by-products as oxides of metals to be filtered and oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, CO2 gases to be released into the atmosphere before being clean to be released to the emissary.

The article addresses a topic of global interest related to the recovery of rubber waste. In the context of the increase in the demand for tires worldwide, the concern for the management of used tires by introducing them into the economy is legitimate. The research proposes thermal cracking as a recycling method for used tires. Through the thermal conversion process at a temperature of 500ºC and a pressure of 40 bar, gaseous and liquid fuel products as well as a solid residue are obtained.

Hydrogen transcends its traditional perception as a standalone green energy source, assuming a pivotal role in elevating the efficiency of green energy production. Rather than serving as a primary means of energy generation, hydrogen emerges as a powerful agent for optimizing the energy production process. Its synergistic integration with fuel cell technology presents a compelling avenue for capturing and storing surplus energy, effectively tapping into otherwise unrealized potential energy resources. This paradigm shift from energy generation to energy optimization underscores the transformative impact of hydrogen in advancing the frontiers of sustainable energy research and development. The present article delves into the profound implications of harnessing hydrogen for the dual purpose of energy storage and production, elucidating its transformative potential in mitigating carbon emissions linked to both onshore and offshore operations. By embracing hydrogen as a dynamic element within the energy landscape, novel pathways emerge to revolutionize the reduction of carbon footprints, pushing the boundaries of sustainable practices and redefining the frontiers of energy efficiency in onshore and offshore domains.

A Piggy Back separator is a device used in industrial oil and gas applications to separate a vapor-liquid mixture into its constituent phases. The aim of this study is to size the Piggy Back, a separator placed upstream of an electrostatic dehydrator to perform gas-liquid separation. In the course of this study, we sized the Piggy Back using manual calculations in accordance with the guidelines of the main standards and codes in force today, such as API 12J. To validate the manual assessment of the separator's dimensions, a static simulation was carried out using ASPEN HYSYS® software. Using the finally approved manual sizing methodology, and taking into account the Piggy Back separator's operational data, an economic evaluation was carried out to conclude that the design was cost-effective.

The contribution of the combined interpretation of geo-petroleum data in the oil exploration program of the central Cuvette basin “case of the Lokoro sub-basin” carried out as part of our scientific research for Diplome d'Etudes Approfondies studies (DEA). The objective of this research is to update knowledge on oil exploration in the Lokoro sub-basin. We combined and analyzed geological, geochemical and geophysical data to obtain the following results: - Static terrestrial gravity campaign in the western part in order to have information on the sedimentary cover of this zone and the geological structures; - The Kiri structure is a salt dome superimposed by fragments of granitic rock which give a signature of heavy gravity anomaly; - The highlighting of three prospective zones, Zone A, Zone B and Zone C, for which we have proposed seismic work adapted to geological realities; - The L59 seismic line of the Dekesse well was not drilled in the right place, the interpretation of this profile shows the deformation by salt tectonics, which generated geological structures of oil interest, the location of which we had proposed drilling.

The paper analyzes the accuracy of the Azure Sentiment Analysis service for five languages, namely Romanian, French, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish. The study generated 300 texts for each language type expressing positive and negative sentiments with varying lengths (less than 100 characters, between 100 and 250 characters, and more than 250 characters). The Azure Sentiment Analysis Review custom-made application was developed using C# language with .NET Framework and Entity Framework for the Microsoft SQL database, and it is used to make a request to the Azure Sentiment Service, and the response sets the label into the database. The expected and Azure labels for each type of analyzed text were described as well. The accuracy of sentiment recognition for different languages and text lengths is presented in the form of statistics, with the global accuracy of the service being 81.8%. The challenges of accurately classifying the sentiment of short and long texts were highlighted. The results suggest that texts of moderate length are easier to classify.

The study on the quality of the crude oil of the Muanda field and its consequences on the installations, was carried out within the framework of our scientific research of study of Advanced Diploma (DEA). The objective of this study was to determine upstream the physical properties and composition of the Muanda field crude oil, in order to determine the conditions of asphaltene deposits in the tubing and other installations. To achieve this, the samples collected in the field were analysed in our laboratories and at the PVT Laboratory of Sonangol in Luanda to constitute the results of this manuscript. The results of these analyses show that the crude oil of the Muanda field is a Medium Crude Oil (29.7°API) on the API density scale with the hypothesis of two sources: one of Light Oil, the other of Medium Oil). These two sources of crude oil, induce the establishment of two oils of different viscosities and pour points of which one more viscous (Mu 23) and the other less viscous (Mu 16 and Mu 2) having the average pour point at 15° C (60°F). The Standing correlation gave acceptable results and close to those of the Electromagnetic Viscometer (EMV). The chemical composition showed that the crude oil is composed of 18.63% of gas and 81.37 % of Paraffins and Asphaltenes, and that this oil is of low sulfur content type (Low Sulfur Content (LSC) <0.6% weight). A solid sample collected from the oil field was characterized through melting, further heating and solidification point (28 oC).

The reduction of greenhouse gases is an assumed objective of the European Community. Thus, in the future, natural gas transport and distribution pipelines will also have to deal with ensuring the transport of mixtures formed between hydrogen, biomethane and natural gas from fossil resources. Considering the increase in the amount of biomethane and the increase in the amount of green hydrogen produced, these fuels’s use in natural gas distribution networks is expected. The article presents an analysis of hydrogen production methods as well as numerical models of hydrogen transportation and mixing with natural gas. Also, there are presented the results obtained at the international level regarding the thresholds for the use of hydrogen in the fossil fuel of natural gas type, as well as the effects produced by the presence of this gas on the transport and supply systems. Numerical models of mixing and dynamic behavior of the new fuel obtained are also analyzed.

This study aims to investigate the use of various deep learning techniques to predict future residential natural gas consumption in Italy, with a particular emphasis on the correlation between gas consumption and temperature. Four models were evaluated, including Multi-layer Perceptron (MLP), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Simple Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM), and Stack-LSTM, with the latter chosen due to its two-layer LSTM and potential to improve forecasting accuracy. Feature scaling was conducted with the MinMaxScaler method to ensure uniform values among variables. Statistical analysis was performed using Mean Squared Error (MSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and R-squared accuracy metrics, with ANOVA tests and boxplots, used to visualize the distribution of accuracy metrics across test and full datasets. Results implied that the CNN and Stack-LSTM models were more effective in accurately predicting the target variable compared to the other models, as indicated by MSE and R-squared scores, as well as graphical comparisons of actual and predicted values. Finally, the research recommends the utilization of supplementary features in future research to increase the precision of forecasts.

Dilute and dense conveying systems through pipelines are a common practice in our everyday life. It is used in many industries to convey a mixture of gas and solids from one location to another through pipes. Gas-solid transport is desirable in some industries but unwanted in others. Depending on the density, size, and shape, these solid particles may result in erosion and subsequent damage to piping and other equipment. Understanding the gas-solid two-phase flow dynamics can help develop efficient and cost-effective pipe transport systems, thereby mitigating the problems associated with the gas-solid two-phase flow. Models for estimating volumetric flow rates and other gas-solid two-phase flow properties are scarce as most are very complex, expensive, and unavailable proprietary commercial software. This study, therefore, developed a simple model using the general energy balance equation and relevant mixing theories for estimating the volumetric flow rate of natural gas-solid two-phase flow in horizontal pipes. The results from the model showed that the gas-solid flow rate is a function of pipe diameter, pressure drop, pipe length, solid volumetric concentration, solid-to-gas density ratio, and solid-to-gas friction factor ratio.

Around half of the total carbonate rocks of Romanian territory are Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous age. Most of them are able to develop karst phenomena. In the southern-central part of the Moesian Platform Jurassic-Cretaceous deposits are at 2000-3000 m depth. The existence of the hydrocarbon accumulations in the area was just proved (Talpa, Harlesti, Videle fields). In the calcareous deposits, the seismic profiles and the attributes of seismic traces highlighted some specific geological features: The collapse karst areas, formed in Jurassic-Neocomian deposits. The seismic expression of these areas is one of chaotic reflections zone flanked by converging, strong tilted faults. The paleo-valley systems formed by erosion of the Cretaceous relief, filled with different terms of the Lower Sarmatian (a succession of marls and sands). The reflections configuration is specific to the passing from the valley fill lithology to the Cretaceous calcareous formations of the adjacent areas. The reef build-ups in Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous formations, expressed by chaotic reflection mound zones draped for quasi horizontal superimposed strata. The seismic trace attributes and velocity analyses are important tools in reservoir quality definition, giving information regarding porosity and fluid contents.Around half of the total carbonate rocks of Romanian territory are Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous age. Most of them are able to develop karst phenomena. In the southern-central part of the Moesian Platform Jurassic-Cretaceous deposits are at 2000-3000 m depth. The existence of the hydrocarbon accumulations in the area was just proved (Talpa, Harlesti, Videle fields). In the calcareous deposits, the seismic profiles and the attributes of seismic traces highlighted some specific geological features: The collapse karst areas, formed in Jurassic-Neocomian deposits. The seismic expression of these areas is one of chaotic reflections zone flanked by converging, strong tilted faults. The paleo-valley systems formed by erosion of the Cretaceous relief, filled with different terms of the Lower Sarmatian (a succession of marls and sands). The reflections configuration is specific to the passing from the valley fill lithology to the Cretaceous calcareous formations of the adjacent areas. The reef build-ups in Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous formations, expressed by chaotic reflection mound zones draped for quasi horizontal superimposed strata. The seismic trace attributes and velocity analyses are important tools in reservoir quality definition, giving information regarding porosity and fluid contents.

Many reservoirs comprised of relatively young sediments are so poorly consolidated that sand will be produced along with the reservoir fluids unless the rate is restricted significantly. The mathematical modelling of the flow of the sanded well uses the continuity equation written in cylindrical coordinates, Darcy's law admitting its availability and the solutions of these equations obtained for the boundary conditions in the case of a crude oil well that produces sand floods. In this article we have created a numerical model based on the variation of fluid flow from the productive layer, depending on the pressure drop between the productive layer and the wellbore, as well as the permeability of the layer. As a function of the flows extracted from the well, we rewrote the flow variation equations as polynomial relations of order 5, the error being a maximum of 0.04%. After determining the flow through the two relationships and confronting the reality in the field, the article confirms the type of flow through sand.

Oilfield produced water is the largest waste stream generated during oil and gas production and it has a high potential for contamination of marine environments when disposed without treatment. However, effective treatment before disposal is acceptable, but meeting the approved standards for discharge remains a challenge for the petroleum industry. To determine the extent of compliance with regulated standards in the Niger Delta, the physicochemical properties of produced water from two oil fields before and after treatment were investigated in this study. Concentrations of heavy metals and organic compounds in the water samples were analysed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer and gas chromatography respectively. Results show that oilfield waters from the Niger Delta contain high concentrations of heavy metals and organic compounds. It is observed that treated produced waters for disposal fall below the approved standards for heavy metals and organic compounds while concentrations of dissolved oxygen fall below 5mg/l which is detrimental to aquatic organisms. Disposal of large volumes of such waters into the ecosystem over an extended period of time endangers aquatic lives and degrades the marine environment. It is therefore recommended that produced water be re-injected back into the very formations from where they are produced to ensure environmental protection and preservation of marine ecosystems.

Effects of wellbore radius on pressure derivatives of a vertical oil well is a major concern to oil and gas industry operators who intend to execute fluid production from a vertical oil well. Reservoir deliverability depends on several factors: the dimensionless wellbore radius. This study examines the influence of the dimensionless wellbore radius on the pressure and pressure derivative. A set of polynomials was implemented to calculate the dimensionless pressure variable and the pressure derivative. The polynomials were put into a computer program developed in the study to create a fast means through which the effect of wellbore radii can be studied easily. However, when several dimensionless radii were used as input parameters for the developed computer program, it was observed that the lower the dimensionless wellbore pressure, the higher the pressure derivative and vice versa. Also, lower dimensionless time yielded higher values of the dimensionless pressure variable. Results from the developed computer model were validated by comparing results from the model to those obtained from a published article while using the same input parameters (tD and rWD). Moreover, the percentage error was estimated to be less than 0.02%.

Two-phase flows are found in almost all areas of technology. For example, tubular evaporators, boiling water reactors, boiler blowdown systems, heaters, boilers, gas lift pumps, oil and geothermal wells, oil and gas pipelines, refrigerators, process pipelines, and condensers. Two-phase flows are classified as mixtures. According to the composition of the mixture are divided: (a) for single-component (or one-component) - vapor-liquid flows; (b) multicomponent - gas-liquid flows. One-component mixtures consist of the same substance in different states of aggregation. This can be not only vapor-liquid, but also a mixture of liquid or vapor with a solid phase, a water-ice mixture, or a vapor flow with ice particles, for example, in sublimation installations. Multicomponent mixtures are a combination of substances of different physical nature. These include not only gas-liquid flows, but also, for example, mixtures of air and sand, water and oil. The paper presents the main attention is paid to the movement of two-phase flows in the pipeline.

Water in natural gas can result in various operational problems, which may lead to equipment failure and plant shutdown. Knowing the amount of water capable of condensing from natural gas is essential. Many methods have been developed for ascertaining the amount of this condensable water (water content) from many gas mixtures. However, when hydrates are present, available methods for estimating the amount of condensable water are scarce and very limited in the open literature. The reliability of the data has always been a cause for concern due to the tendency for the inaccuracy of the results. In this study, two semi-empirical methods for ascertaining the amount of condensable water in natural gas with and without hydrates were used to test the reliability of the water content data of four different published natural gas-hydrate systems, including methane and propane gas mixture, raw/unprocessed, binary (methane + water), and synthetic natural gas. The results showed that only the data set for the methane and propane gas mixture was a reliable gas-hydrate equilibrium system, while the synthetic gas mixture needed further validation. Therefore, the methodology in this study can be used as a quick and simple means for ascertaining the reliability of water content data of natural gas-hydrate systems.

Clay stability in water is essential in chemical and manufacturing processes. In water based drilling fluids, montmorillonite dispersed in water is commonly used to maintain fluid density that counter-balances pressure effects from formation layers. However, due to gravity, clay particles settlement at the bottom of holes is inevitable especially if operations in holes are suspended for technical reasons such as during fishing operations and dislodging of stuck pipes. This necessitates the introduction of additives that can enhance dispersion of clay particles in water columns. It has been reported that some nanoparticles can enhance clay stability in water; hence the primary objective in this work is to identify nanoparticles that have potentials to enhance clay stability and nanoparticles that promote clay instability in distilled water and brine of 30 g/l. In the experimental work, clays and different kinds of nanoparticles were dispersed in columns of water and the volumes of settled particles were plotted against time. Experimental results show that nanoparticles of silicon, zirconium, iron, tin, nickel and magnesium oxides all have the capacity to improve clay stability in water, while the presence of Al2O3 and ZnO nanoparticles promote clays instability in water. It is therefore recommended that further research on desirable drilling fluid properties be conducted with nanoparticle oxides that promote clay stability in water to investigate their suitability as additives in water based drilling muds.

This paper presents an improved method of determining the products yields obtained in the Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) process based on the Castiglioni graphical method, using FCC-DD v1.0 a program written in the Python programming language. The advantage of using FCC-DD is the speed and accuracy of the obtained results, as well as avoidance reading of the diagrams, these being discretized and incorporated into the software.

During the standard pumping of an oil well, the sucker rods are subjective to alternative stress (tensile and compression). Certain steel grades have different behavior, taking into consideration their mechanical properties, like tensile strength. While most operators consider that, the higher the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of a material is, it will behave better when subjected to loads. This paperwork shows that, comparing three different steel grades, they may have different results on the Goodman diagram, than expected. We are going to show that, even the steel grades have the same tensile strength (115 ksi), when calculating the %Goodman, the steel have different behavior, and this results from the manipulation of coefficients “A” and “b” involved in the formula, that each sucker rods manufacturer validates.

Soon after the pandemic inflicted by Covid-19 was declared, different organizations and smart application development companies suggested that artificial intelligence could be an useful tool in helping the medical staff monitoring the virus spread for a better understanding of its behavior. This paper presents a smart application CovidWatch developed for users real-time warning regarding the possibility of contracting the Sars-CoV-2 virus from an infected person. For this purpose, the developed application uses the Bluetooth module of the user’s device in order to check the social distance and to determine the possible contacts. The developed application has a number of four modules (the expert system (ES), the data retrieval, the real-time information and warning and the interface), that work on Android devices. Using the artificial intelligence techniques (knowledge-based systems), the application has a knowledge base populated with user’s data, the user’s time of contact and distance and the users identified as being contacts. If a user warns the android application that he has been infected with Covid-19, it further triggers the expert system inference engine, allowing the knowledge to be inferred. Based on the implemented rules, the inference engine analyses the data regarding the users that were in contact with an infected person. If those meet the conditions taken into consideration for declaring a person as being contact (a certain distance and time) they receive in real time a warning message and some advice regarding how it is recommended to act. The main advantage of android application is that it provides real-time warning regarding the possibility or probability of being infected with Covid-19, warning that can be deactivated only after the user has confirmed that the took note of this. A set of CovidWatch application simulation results is also presented taking into consideration different scenarios.