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THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE ADVISORY OPINION ON CLIMATE CHANGE: IMPLICATIONS AND POLICY FOR SOUTH AFRICA
Kiyasha THAMBIDecember 2025In July 2025, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) delivered a landmark advisory opinion affirming binding obligations on states under international law to take effective action against human induced climate change. This paper analyzes the ICJ ruling’s legal foundations and implications for South Africa, a climate-vulnerable developing country with socio-economic challenges and coal dependence. The ICJ opinion grounds state duties in treaties, customary international law, and international human rights law, mandating "deep, rapid and sustained" emission reductions, prevention of transboundary harm, and equal legal status for adaptation alongside mitigation (International Court of Justice. (2025). Advisory Opinion on State Obligations in Respect of Climate Change (23 July 2025) paras. 47, 50). The paper provides concrete recommendations for reforming South African climate legislation, enhancing ambition, advancing climate justice advocacy, and securing a just transition. A concise policy brief is appended to assist ministers in operationalizing the ruling’s imperatives. -
FORMS OF LEGAL LIABILITY AND THEIR INCIDENCE IN CASES OF VIOLATIONS OF LAND LEGISLATION
Tatiana STAHI; Angela TALAMBUȚĂDecember 2025This article examines the issue of legal liability applicable to violations of land and cadastral legislation, analysing it within the framework of the new regulations introduced by the Land Code of the Republic of Moldova. The study highlights the contemporary relevance of the debate on the forms of legal liability and argues that land liability may be regarded as a distinct form of legal liability, shaped as a response to the need to protect both public and private interests. It further explores the forms of liability and their incidence in cases of breaches of land legislation, namely civil, contravention and criminal liability, against the backdrop of cadastral modernisation, the digitalisation of real estate management processes and the increasing number of disputes concerning boundaries and land use. The paper analyses both the conceptual foundations and the practical applicability of liability, with reference to jurisprudence, current challenges and directions for legislative improvement, including comparative insights from European states. -
HEARING IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDING – PURPOSE AND STAGES
Elena MORARUDecember 2025Interrogation is an investigative action consisting of the investigative body obtaining, in accordance with the rules established by law, testimony from the person being interrogated about facts known to them that are relevant to the subject matter of the criminal case. Interrogation combines a complex of techniques and methods, both tactical and psychological. The hearing combines a complex set of techniques and methods, both tactical and psychological. -
RE-ENGINEERING SOCIETY: LEGAL, INSTITUTIONAL, AND TECHNOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
Giorgi KHARSHILADZEDecember 2025Digital transformation is a multifaceted process that reconfigures social, economic, institutional, and legal structures through the diffusion of information and communication technologies. This paper examines digital transformation as a process of societal re-engineering by integrating three analytical lenses: legal and regulatory frameworks, institutional and governance change, and technological foundations and socio-economic outcomes. Drawing on established scholarship in surveillance capitalism, network society theory, and economic analyses of digital technologies, as well as contemporary regulatory developments (notably the EU General Data Protection Regulation and the EU Artificial Intelligence Act), the study maps how legal norms, institutional capacities, and core technologies interact producing novel risks and opportunities. The analysis emphasizes tensions between innovation and rights protection, the necessity of interoperability and institutional redesign for public sector digitalization, and the distributional effects of automation and platformization on labor and markets. The paper concludes with policy recommendations for balanced regulatory design, capacity building in public institutions, and ethical governance mechanisms to steer digital transformation toward social resilience and democratic accountability. -
PARENTAL ALIENATION
Parental alienation is an increasingly common phenomenon. Imagine a parent who brainwashes a child. This produces negative effects in the child's life in the long term. Child alienation influences and should influence court decisions. A child can become alienated from the parent who initiated the divorce. The parent who ends up spending more time with the child ends up having hostile behavior towards the other parent. The paper aims to present the gravity and complexity of the phenomenon of parental alienation, to underline the consequences of this type of emotional abuse, as well as to highlight the applicable national and international legislative framework, while also offering solutions for preventing and combating this destructive behavior for the best interests of the child. -
THE RIGHT TO PROPERTY AND MECHANISMS FOR RECOVERY OF CRIMINAL ASSETS IN THE LEGISLATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS PROTECTION AND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COMBATING CRIME
Petru HARMANIUCJuly 2025State interference with the right to property in the context of criminal proceedings represents a particularly sensitive and complex issue, as it entails the restriction of a fundamental right enshrined in both the Constitution and international treaties, including the European Convention on Human Rights. According to the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, any measure that limits the right to property such as seizures, confiscation, inqyisition, asset freezing, or the imposition of criminal fines, must meet three essential criteria: it must be prescribed by law, pursue a legitimate aim, and be proportionate to that aim. Failure to satisfy these conditions may render the measure arbitrary, thereby exposing the state to liability for the violation of fundamental rights. In the Republic of Moldova, amid an intensified campaign against organized crime and corruption, special mechanisms have been established to enable state intervention with respect to assets owned by individuals involved in criminal activity. These instruments include extended confiscation, the administration of seized assets by the Criminal Assets Recovery Agency, and other procedural measures specific to the criminal justice system. However, the implementation of such mechanisms raises serious concerns regarding their compatibility with European human rights standards. These developments give rise to a series of practical and constitutional challenges: the risk of abuse by public authorities, the difficulty of maintaining a fair balance between the public interest and individual rights, and the pressing need to align the domestic legal framework with the standards established by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). Only by ensuring such a balance can the effective protection of the right to property in criminal proceedings be guaranteed -
ADMINISTRATION OF EVIDENCE IN THE TRIAL PHASE OF A CRIMINAL CASE
By virtue of the principle of immediacy, the purpose of the judicial investigation consists in the direct and immediate administration of evidence previously obtained during the criminal investigation phase. This mode of administration gives the court the opportunity to perceive the evidence directly, a fundamental aspect for forming its own conviction on the factual situation and, implicitly, for adopting a sound solution. -
USING ARTIFICAL INTELLIGENCE IN FIGHTING CRIME AND RESPECTING HUMAN RIGHTS
Loredana TEREC-VLADJuly 2025The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of public safety represents a major evolution in the way authorities prevent and investigate crime. Through predictive analytics, facial recognition, big data processing and automation of judicial processes, AI can contribute to making police and judicial activities more efficient. This technology offers significant benefits, such as faster identification of criminals, anticipating crimes and reducing the burden on courts. According to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the use of AI must respect fundamental principles such as legality, proportionality and non discrimination. In particular, Article 8 of the ECHR protects privacy, Article 14 prohibits discrimination and Article 6 guarantees the right to a fair trial. In this context, the EU Regulation on Artificial Intelligence (AI Act), currently in the process of being adopted, proposes a classification of the risks associated with AI systems and sets strict requirements for applications used in the field of public safety. In conclusion, the use of AI in the fight against crime must be carried out within a clear legal framework, ensuring the balance between public safety and the protection of fundamental human rights. Any application of AI in this area must be transparent, humanly controlled and subject to effective oversight and legal accountability mechanisms. -
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND CRIMINAL LAW: CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES AND PERSPECTIVES
Andreea CORSEIJuly 2025Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly penetrating the field of criminal law, offering solutions for streamlining investigations, judicial decision-making and crime prevention. However, the use of AI raises complex issues regarding criminal liability, respect for fundamental rights and transparency of automated decisions. The main risks include algorithmic discrimination, lack of human control and the legislative vacuum regarding the regulation of AI in justice. In order to avoid abuses and protect the rights of persons involved in criminal proceedings, clear regulation is needed, ensuring transparency, fairness and mandatory human intervention in critical decisions. Thus, AI offers important opportunities for the modernization of the criminal justice system, but these must be managed within a well-defined legal and ethical framework. -
EUROPEAN UNION ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENC LAW – A LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE FUTURE
Mariana-Alina ZISUJuly 2025In the context of the accelerated development of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, the European Union has recognised the need for a clear legal framework that guarantees safety, transparency and respect for citizens’ fundamental rights. This is how the Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act) was born, the world’s first comprehensive set of regulations in this area. Adopted in 2024, the law aims to position the EU as a global leader in the responsible governance of AI. The Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act) is the world’s first comprehensive legal framework for regulating artificial intelligence. Adopted by the European Union in 2024, the law aims to ensure that AI systems used in the EU are safe, respect citizens’ fundamental rights and stimulate innovation. -
THE RIGHT TO FREE EDUCATION BETWEEN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND LIBRARY
Marius VACARELUJuly 2025A topic that has been widely discussed over the past two centuries is education, because ordinary people have insisted on it, contrary to the ideas of politicians, who were not always pleased by a rise in the population's level of instruction. The establishment of compulsory education was – without doubt – the greatest progress humanity has ever made in its entire history, and the positive effects of this measure will be felt as long as we exist on Earth. But education has never been valued at its true worth because of the costs it entails, both in terms of the time dedicated to it and especially from the financial aspect of acquiring valuable study materials. However, the Internet and Artificial Intelligence have brought some changes in this perspective, and traditional bookstores are starting to see their role sharply decrease – or is it actually the opposite? This text will attempt to provide some answers to an acute issue: what is the cost of education today, relative to its ultimate goal, namely preparing children and young people for a life that brings many challenges. -
INDEPENDENCE OF THE MAGISTRATE – AN OBJECTIVE COMPONENT OF PROFESSIONAL STATUS
Florina MITROFANJuly 2025The interest in the existence of an independent judicial system has made it necessary to provide guarantees that allow magistrates to fulfill the role conferred by the legal provisions. In the following, the significance of the principle of independence – a fundamental ethical value of the judiciary, the international and national legal instruments guaranteeing the independence of the judiciary, the judge and the prosecutor, as well as doctrinal and jurisprudential aspects of relevance in this area will be presented. -
THE DOCTOR–PATIENT RELATIONSHIP IN OUTPATIENT NEUROLOGY: SOCIOCULTURAL AND LEGAL DIMENSIONS
In outpatient neurology, the relationships between the physician and the neurological patient are complex, as they involve not only medical dimensions but also sociocultural and legal aspects that can influence the perceptions and behavior of all parties involved in the dialogue. In line with these considerations, this paper explores the socioeconomic, cultural, and legal dimensions that regulate the doctor patient relationship in outpatient neurology, with particular emphasis on informed consent, patient data confidentiality, and patterns of medical communication. -
THE ROLE OF A LEGAL SECRETARY IN PREPARING CANDIDATE LEGAL PRACTITIONERS AND LAW GRADUATES FOR LEGAL PRACTICE
Marc WELGEMOEDJuly 2025Legal secretaries are not legal practitioners; yet, they are in a position to provide valuable practical and professional training to candidate legal practitioners, during their term of practical vocational training, as well as to law students performing paralegal services at university law clinics. In a country like South Africa, legal secretaries mostly perform administrative work in law firms and at university law clinics. Despite their administrative knowledge, they also accumulate experience in the drafting of various legal documents, legal ethics, professionalism and, sometimes, even legal knowledge. This experience puts legal secretaries in the position to assist legal practitioners with training candidate legal practitioners and law students for entry into legal practice. Such additional training becomes important in light of the fact that legal practitioners, and even legal academics, have complained about the competence of law graduates who enter legal practice – they simply do not have sufficient practical knowledge and the relevant skills that practice requires. Conventionally, legal practitioners act as principals for candidate legal practitioners, which task is statutorily ascribed to them when candidate legal practitioners enrol for practical vocational training. Legal secretaries are not conventional trainers. In this article, it is argued that there is a firm theoretical foundation to recognise the important role that legal secretaries can play in the professional and practical upbringing of candidate legal practitioners and university law clinic students. The doctrines of constructivism and kinesthetics learning are relevant in this regard. It is argued that legal secretaries should be seen as “para-lawyers” or legal assistants in the sense that they should work with legal practitioners in providing practical 9 and professional training to candidate legal practitioners and students. It is trite that university law schools use the lecture method to teach law, resulting in law graduates mainly receiving theoretical training with little to none practical experience. Work-integrated learning is important for law graduates wanting to be admitted as legal practitioners and legal secretaries can make a contribution, especially legal secretaries who have years of experience behind them. -
A New Approach to Interactive Education: Game Engine-Based Frameworks for Teachers to Develop Interactive Lessons
Mocanu Andrei Ionuț; Nicolae Mihnea Vlad; Duțescu Răzvan Alexandru; Apostol Mihai; Petre Ionuț12-13/10/2025Education; ResearchRecent studies in the field of education show a significant increase in students’ level of concentration during classes when the learning experience is highly immersive. During lessons, students are engaged with immersive instructional materials, whether through exercises or video presentations. On average, this results in better information retention and a deeper understanding of the subject matter. Existing applications, whether in VR or in 2D/3D for computers and mobile devices, already offer rich curricula that approach abstract topics through practical student experiences. This article introduces a new approach to creating teacher-centered interactive educational applications. In conventional applications, teachers must find the software that best fits their course, and in some cases, they must even adapt their existing teaching materials to align with the chosen application. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a framework based on a game engine (Unity or Unreal Engine) that enables teachers to design interactive lessons through intuitive interfaces. These panels contain blocks representing sample lessons or educational scenarios, which teachers can modify via drag-and-drop to match their own instructional content. Furthermore, the article outlines a system for collecting student performance data during lessons. At the end of each session, students may also provide feedback, enabling teachers to refine and improve their lessons based on results and reviews. The proposed framework aims to increase teacher autonomy, lesson customization, and student engagement in immersive learning environments. -
Kioi Seidō – The Architecture of Education: A Building that Teaches Without Teaching
Education has never belonged solely to classrooms. Architecture, as one of society’s most pervasive yet overlooked teachers, silently shapes behavior, values, and perception through space, light, and material. This paper examines Hiroshi Naitō’s Kioi Seidō (2022, Tokyo) as an architectural pedagogy -- a building designed “without purpose” that resists the dominance of utility, productivity, and profit. Through its spatial sequence—from dark, compressed entry to luminous atrium—Kioi Seidō dramatizes education as transformation: a journey from disorientation to insight. Drawing connections to Dewey, Freire, and Montessori, the project exemplifies how architecture can embody problem-posing pedagogy, cultivate reflection, and position environments as active teachers. It also resonates with Japan’s cultural lineage of Shinto shrines, Zen gardens, and tea houses, which educate through atmosphere and ritual rather than instruction. At the same time, its refusal of fixed function raises ethical debates about privilege, responsibility, and sustainability in a city of scarcity. By situating Kioi Seidō alongside global precedents such as Ronchamp, the Salk Institute, and the Vittra Telefonplan School, this paper argues that the building is neither sanctuary, nor school, nor monument, but a deliberate anomaly - an architecture of ambiguity. In doing so, it reminds us that built environments are never neutral: they teach discipline, consumption, control, or, in this rare case, openness, humility, and interpretive freedom. Kioi Seidō demonstrates that architecture itself can be a form of pedagogy, expanding education beyond curricula into the spaces of everyday life. -
Combat Mindset (CoMind): from an innovative project to a mandatory discipline
The article presents the evolution of the Combat Mindset Training for Romanian Military Students (CoMind) approach within “Henri Coanda” Air Force Academy in Brasov. Mental preparation for the battlefield is a tactical necessity for any category of armed forces and, for its inclusion in a curriculum that requires approval from the Ministry of National Defense, it needed a rigorous scientific substantiation. CoMind was the central theme of an inter-institutional cooperation project funded by EEA and Norwegian grants, as an optional training module conceived in an interdisciplinary manner (through the contribution of neuroscience, cognitive psychology, social psychology and martial arts). Taking over the model of good practices from the Norwegian cultural environment, adapting it to the conditions of the cultural environment and military organizational culture in Romania and implementing it, especially regarding mental preparation for battlefield or Combat Mindset (CoMind) as a subject or module, first optional, then mandatory, in the curriculum of “Henri Coanda” Air Force Academy, meant a long process, which, fortunately, can serve as a model of good practices regarding the implementation of research results in the higher educational process (BA degree) Currently, CoMind is both a mandatory discipline and a research paradigm, embodied in scientific articles and communications and as the topic of bachelor's/dissertation theses. -
An Exploratory S tudy on the U se of A ugmented R eality (AR) in M edical E ducation
Gabriela Violeta Iordăchiță12-13/10/2025Education; ResearchThe use of digital technology in the teaching and learning process has grown significantly in recent years. Augmented reality (AR) is a technology/software that allows the digital creation of three-dimensional representations that can be integrated with real stimuli in the environment. It is an interactive, real-time experience that combines reality with elements from the virtual world, leading to an augmented reality enriched with virtually generated information, based on human visual, auditory, olfactory and/or somatosensory input. The result is an image of reality modified by a computer program, which aims to improve the real-world experience, but does not replace the real world. It is not a 360º virtual world, but makes reality more manageable, amplifies it, mapping three-dimensional virtual objects in a real environment. Such AR programs can be used on various devices such as: smartphones, tablets, computers, AR glasses, headsets, etc. Even though augmented reality (AR) was initially used for entertainment and gaming, its application has expanded into industry, healthcare, marketing, military, travel, architecture and engineering, but also in the medical education of students in medical schools. So far, we have not found global or regional statistics on the degree of use of AR in medical education, but there are a number of universities that use AR platforms or others that implement pilot studies or isolated modules. We have not identified any large-scale implementations or fully integrated implementations into core curricula. The obstacles to adopting this technology in medical education are mainly related to the high costs of implementing AR technology, the lack of adequate infrastructure in universities, the need to train teachers in the use of AR technology, access to technology (hardware). The present paper is a theoretical-exploratory one in which we analyze a series of articles, identified through the associated search of 3 keywords, in different scientific databases, namely: "digital learning methods", "medical students" and "augmented reality". In this paper, we analyze to what extent AR can improve the learning experiences of medical students, through practical understanding and skills training, with examples of software already used in didactic training, such as: HoloHuman, OculAR SIM, Hololens, HoloPatient. Finally, we discuss the challenges of AR in learning and teaching, limitations in implementation, and propose future research directions. In Romania, two universities stand out that implement AR technology in medical education, namely: the "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy in Cluj-Napoca, which had a project to develop AR simulators for laparoscopic, robotically assisted, single incision surgery, using Hololens 2, and the University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology in Târgu Mureș, which within the Center for Simulation and Practical Skills has a department dedicated to "Virtual and Augmented Reality". In Europe there is growing interest, through pilot projects and elective courses, involving AR, but it is not yet a widespread use in standard curricula at all medical schools. Worldwide, the adoption of AR technology in medical education is taking place especially in highly prestigious universities with good financial resources. Finally, as a case study, we focused on Romania. We conducted a search on the official websites of the eleven major universities in the country that provide education and training for future medical professionals, with the aim of identifying programs or any references related to the use of AR technology in their medical education curricula. The findings for Romania reveal that among the eleven universities providing medical training programs, only five have established simulated learning centers employing VR technologies for students, whereas one university has initiated two minor VR technology acquisition projects within the last two years. Conclusion. In the field of medical education, the adopting of augmented reality (AR) could provide both students and teachers with significant advantages, including a stimulating learning environment, immersive practical experience, and opportunities for distance learning. -
Arduino as an Educational Tool for Exploring Medical Signals
These days, gadgets of various kinds are an essential aspect of everyone's life. All these smart devices, whether they are watches, phones, rings, or wristbands, are built on basic sensors that allow us to continuously monitor our body temperature, heart rate, blood oxygen saturation, or sleep quality. There are numerous accessible, simple alternatives to these sensors, such as Arduino-compatible modules, which, configured properly, can build effective continuous monitoring systems. Students in the Faculty of Medical Engineering learn the fundamentals of medical electronics, which they can use in the class projects, bachelor's thesis, or at work. Since signal processing is the foundation of most applications and devices for monitoring vital parameters, this study proposes including a medical signal acquisition laboratory in the Arduino classes. In the theoretical section, students interactively discover medical signals, and then, in the practical section, they acquire, visualize, and measure them. To ensure the accuracy of the obtained signals, an advanced medical signal acquisition system, Biopac, is also used, and the outcomes are compared both visually and numerically. -
Inclusive Learning: The Antipa Museum for Neurodiverse Children
This article examines the programs designed for neurodiverse audiences developed by the Grigore Antipa National Museum of Natural History in Bucharest. Framed within the theoretical context of Disability Studies and informed by relevant legal frameworks, the analysis situates the museum’s activities in relation to inclusive practices implemented by contemporary European and U.S. museums. The study pursues two main objectives. First, it investigates the availability, structure, and specific features of educational programs targeting neurodiverse children and young people at the Antipa Museum. Second, it shows the degree of interest and engagement demonstrated by the target audience in response to these initiatives. By addressing these objectives, the article contributes to a broader understanding of how cultural institutions can design and implement inclusive educational strategies that respond effectively to the needs of diverse audiences, while also aligning with international accessibility standards and theoretical developments in the field of disability and museum studies. -
Directions and Emerging Trends in Teacher-Led Research on the Development of Communication Competences in Early Childhood and Primary Education
For teachers in pre-university education, the teaching career includes professional development stages marked by teaching degrees: second degree and first degree. The first degree certifies the practice of teaching at an advanced level, on a consistent basis, including teaching based on the exchange of good practices, reflection, and creativity, as well as showing interest in certain aspects of school practice which, through authentic and detailed understanding, can be improved. Thus, educational and psychological research provides the framework for the scientific investigation of educational phenomena. This study highlights the topics of interest addressed by primary and preschool teachers in the methodological-scientific papers prepared for obtaining the first degree, with a focus on the formation and development of communication competences in children and pupils. In the early cycles of education (preschool and primary), the development of communication competences represents a major goal of the educational process, in accordance with the National Curriculum. Oral and written expression skills, active listening, dialogue, the use of nonverbal language, and the development of digital communication are key benchmarks for the harmonious development of the child. The sample of our investigation consists of 149 papers written by preschool and primary school teachers during the period 2017-2025, in which we identified the main areas of interest, the most frequently used methodologies, strengths and thematic gaps, and proposed priority directions for future research. The research objectives were: 1. to identify the main themes addressed in studies on communication carried out by primary and preschool teachers. 2. to analyze the research methods and instruments used in these works. 3. to determine the frequency and thematic trends depending on the level of education (primary vs. preschool). 4. to formulate recommendations for applying research results in educational practice. The content analysis was carried out using a grid that included the following indicators: research theme, research objectives, methodology used, targeted level of education (primary/preschool), and results/recommendations formulated. The formation of communication competences in preschool and primary school children represents the foundation of the educational process, serving as the basis for all other areas of learning. Research conducted by teachers in their first degree papers demonstrates an increasing interest in the linguistic, socio-emotional, and digital dimensions of communication. However, there remains a need for more rigorous studies and an expansion into new themes. -
Developing Research Skills of Students
The study aimed to understand FPSE students’ perceptions of their own research skills, areas of interest, and difficulties encountered in educational research, as well as to identify opportunities for capitalizing on the results of the research conducted during university studies. Using a questionnaire with closed items, the investigation included 300 undergraduate (second year) and master's students (first and second years), who reported participating in educational research primarily within the Research Methodology course (75.6%), addressing topics such as curriculum, instruction and assessment theory, the education of children with SEN, and other areas, generally without further valorization of their work. The findings show that 75.6% of students capitalized on their research results exclusively within the Research Methodology course, while only 12.2% presented their results within methodological committees in schools or at conferences (4.9%). The main benefit perceived was preparation for the completion of bachelor’s or dissertation theses (63.4%), followed by the consolidation of theoretical training (14.6%) and, to a lesser extent (9.8%), the identification of scientific solutions to professional problems. The major difficulties reported included balancing work responsibilities with research activities (61%) and challenges in identifying research participants (24%). -
Optimizing EFL Listening Proficiency Through Technology-Mediated Instruction
Listening comprehension remains a persistent challenge for English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners, often hindered by complex phonological features, unfamiliar vocabulary, varied speech rates, and diverse accents. This study investigates the effectiveness of technology-enhanced instructional approaches in improving listening skills among university-level EFL students. Two primary strategies were examined: (1) the use of authentic listening materials integrated with communicative tasks, and (2) the implementation of technology-assisted tools, including language learning applications, podcasts, and multimedia resources. Employing an experimental design with control and treatment groups, data were collected via pre- and post-tests, learner questionnaires, interviews, and classroom observations. Results indicate significant improvements in listening comprehension across both interventions. Authentic materials foster contextual and cultural awareness, while communicative activities promote engagement and active listening. Technology-supported tools enable flexible, self-paced practice and increased exposure to diverse spoken input. The study highlights the pedagogical value of integrating context-rich, learner-centered, and technology-mediated strategies in EFL listening instruction. -
Online Teaching Strategies for Nursing Students: Challenges and Opportunities
The COVID-19 pandemic has transformed global education systems, with nursing education being among the most affected disciplines due to its dual reliance on theoretical instruction and clinical practice. This study examines the challenges and opportunities associated with the accelerated adoption of online teaching for nursing students. Through a mixed-methods literature review published between 2020 and 2025, the paper highlights both the potential and the limitations of e-learning in nursing. Key advantages of e-learning include accessibility, flexibility, and innovation which enable continuity of learning regardless of geographical location or time constraints. The integration of digital tools, such as virtual patient simulations and online case studies, has provided innovative opportunities to strengthen both theoretical and clinical knowledge. Nevertheless, there’re significant reductions in opportunities for direct clinical practice, unequal access to digital resources, and diminished interpersonal interaction. The findings suggest that blended learning an-approach combining online education with supervised, clinical training-offers the most effective and sustainable model for nursing education in the post-pandemic era. Recommendations include expanding investment in digital infrastructure, incorporating high-quality simulation technologies into nursing curricula, and ensuring comprehensive faculty development in e-learning pedagogies. Ultimately, online learning should be regarded not as a replacement but as a complementary strategy that enhances traditional nursing education. -
Perceived Stress, Basic Psychological Needs, and Quality of Life among Romanian School Counselors: A Mixed-Methods Study
School counselors face daily complex situations, such as abuse, trauma, and the emotional and relational difficulties of students, as well as pressures from other educational actors (parents, teachers, and the wider school community). These factors can generate high levels of stre The present study investigates the relationship between perceived stress, the satisfaction of basic psychological needs, and quality of life among school counselors. A mixed-methods design was employed. The quantitative, correlational component included 43 school counselors from several counties, recruited through the Regional Centers for Resources and Educational Assistance. The qualitative component consisted of semi-structured interviews with three school counselors. Perceived stress was negatively associated with quality of life (r = -0.36, p < .05) and positively associated with frustration of psychological needs (r = 0.39, p < .001). Satisfaction of psychological needs showed a strong positive association with quality of life (r = 0.85, p < .001), explaining 73% of its variance. School counselors exhibit high levels of stress that significantly impact their quality of life. The satisfaction of basic psychological needs is an essential factor for maintaining well-being and professional balance. Study limitations include the small sample size and the subjective nature of self-report measures.
ISSN (online) 2286 – 3702
ISSN–L 1454 – 3907
Granted by the National Library of Romania
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